The Somogyi Effect

Read More About Monitoring & Controlling Canine Diabetes

Combating an Incorrect Insulin Dose

An insulin dose that is too high may bring about the Somogyi effect or rebound hyperglycemia. This is produced because blood glucose concentrations fall too rapidly. The moment that the Somogyi effect is triggered is very individual—it is a life-saving response.

The body attempts to counteract the decline in the blood glucose concentration through a chain of reactions:

• The blood glucose concentration falls rapidly, or approaches hypoglycemia (blood glucose concentrations of less than 65 mg/dL [2.8 mmol/L]) following the injection of insulin. The animal may becomes hungry and either restless or lethargic or may display no signs.
• In response to a declining blood glucose concentration in the central nervous system, epinephrine and subsequently cortisol, glucagon, and growth hormone are released.
• These hormones bring about a rapid increase in the blood glucose concentration (through gluconeogenesis, release of glucose from hepatic glycogen and increased peripheral resistance to insulin).
• The resultant hyperglycemia produces polyuria and polydipsia. This can easily be misinterpreted as caused by an inadequate insulin dose.

If the morning polyuria is thought to be the result of an insufficient insulin dose and a higher dose is given, the problem will be aggravated. An even more pronounced Somogyi effect will follow. Eventually the counter-regulatory mechanisms may become exhausted resulting in severe hypoglycemia.

Hyperglycemia due to a Somogyi effect can sometimes persist for as long as 3 days after a single hypoglycemic episode. As a result, blood glucose concentrations do not always normalize within a few days after lowering the insulin dose.

When to Suspect a Somogyi Overswing

• Minimal glycemia: <65 mg/dL or 3.6 mmol/L
• Maximum glycemia: 400–800 mg/dL or 22–44 mmol/L
• Persistent morning glucosuria: >1% or 1–2 g/dL (strips)
• Morning glycemia: >400-450 mg/dL or 22 mmol/L
• Clinical signs:
  • Polyuria, polydipsia
  • Hypoglycemia (weakness, convulsions, ataxia, behavior changes)
• High insulin dose: close to 2.2 IU/kg and greater

Diagnosing Somogyi Effect

A blood glucose curve can help detect a Somogyi effect and confirm that a dog’s insulin dose needs to be reduced.

Any of the following blood glucose curves can be suggestive of the Somogyi effect:

• Hypoglycemia (low nadir) followed by rebound hyperglycemia.
• A rapid decrease in glycemia with an adequate nadir followed by rebound hyperglycemia.
• Persistently high blood glucose values with no discernible nadir (rebound hyperglycemia can persist for a few days following the hypoglycemic event).

Blood Glucose Curve Indicating Somogyi Effect

The following graph is an example of a blood glucose curve in a case of rebound hyperglycemia. The graph is based on canine once-daily dosing and should be used as a guideline only. Insulin was injected at time=0 hours.

The solution to this is to decrease dose by 50% or return to starting dose, whichever is lower.

Blood glucose measured in mg/dL

Dogs experiencing Somogyi overswing may also have a glucose curve that resembles the example given for insulin resistance.

Resources to Help Clients Monitor Care

Read More About Monitoring & Controlling Canine Diabetes

Important Safety Information:

Vetsulin^® should not be used in dogs known to have a systemic allergy to pork or pork products. Vetsulin is contraindicated during periods of hypoglycemia. Keep out of reach of children. As with all insulin products, careful patient monitoring for hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia is essential to attain and maintain adequate glycemic control and prevent associated complications. Overdosage can result in profound hypoglycemia and death. The safety and effectiveness of Vetsulin in puppies, breeding, pregnant, and lactating dogs has not been evaluated. See package insert for full information regarding contraindications, warnings, and precautions.

References:

1. Martin GJ, Rand JS. Pharmacology of a 40 IU/ml porcine lente insulin preparation in diabetic cats: findings during the first week and after 5 or 9 weeks of therapy. J Feline Med Surg. 2001;3(1):23–30. 2. Vetsulin^® (porcine insulin zinc suspension) [Freedom of Information Summary]. Millsboro, DE: Intervet Inc.; 2008. 3. Data on file, Merck Animal Health. 4. Graham PA, Nash AS, McKellar QA. Pharmacokinetics of porcine insulin zinc suspension in diabetic dogs. J Small Anim Pract. 1997;38(10):434–438. 5. Martin GJ, Rand JS. Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Study of Caninsulin in Cats with Diabetes Mellitus. 2000: Internal Study Report. 6. Feldman EC, Nelson RW. Canine and Feline Endocrinology and Reproduction. 3rd ed. St. Louis, MO: Saunders; 2004:539–579. 7. Tennant B, ed. BSAVA Small Animal Formulary. 4th ed. Gloucestershire, UK: British Small Animal Veterinary Association; 2002. 8. Feldman EC, Nelson RW. Canine and Feline Endocrinology and Reproduction. 3rd ed. St. Louis, MO: Saunders; 2004:486–538. 9. Reusch C. Feline diabetes mellitus. In: Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC, eds. Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 7th ed. St. Louis, MO: Saunders; 2010:1796–1816. 10. Nelson RW. Canine diabetes mellitus. In: Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC, eds. Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 7th ed. St. Louis, MO: Saunders; 2010:1782–1796. 11. Burgaud S, Riant S, Piau N. Comparative laboratory evaluation of dose delivery using a veterinary insulin pen. In: Proceedings of the WSAVA/FECAVA/BSAVA congress; 12–15 April 2012; Birmingham, UK. Abstract 121. 12. Burgaud S, Guillot R, Harnois-Milon G. Clinical evaluation of a veterinary insulin pen in diabetic dogs. In: Proceedings of the WSAVA/ FECAVA/BSAVA congress; 12–15 April 2012; Birmingham, UK. Abstract 122. 13. Burgaud S, Guillot R, Harnois-Milon G. Clinical evaluation of a veterinary insulin pen in diabetic cats. In: Proceedings of the WSAVA/FECAVA/BSAVA congress; 12–15 April 2012; Birmingham, UK. Abstract 45. 14. Davison LJ, Walding B, Herrtage ME, Catchpole B. Anti-insulin antibodies in diabetic dogs before and after treatment with different insulin preparations. J Vet Intern Med. 2008;22:1317-1325. 15. Banfield State of Pet Health 2016 Report. p 12-13.